{"id":9692,"date":"2020-06-26T01:28:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-25T23:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alluringcreations.co.za\/wp\/?p=9692"},"modified":"2026-09-09T09:51:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T07:51:09","slug":"targoviste-royal-palace-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alluringcreations.co.za\/wp\/targoviste-royal-palace-history\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, a Royal Palace in History #Im4Ro"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The importance of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te <\/strong>royal palace (curtea domneasc\u0103<\/em><\/em>) in history emerges, first of all, from the significant role it played in the life of Vlad \u021aepe\u0219<\/em> and during the medieval period. Among other royal residences of Wallachia, the royal court of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te was the third oldest and the second most used, without significant interruptions, over a period of 300 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

The geographical location of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te <\/strong>was also favorable, hills on one side, planes on the other, Ialomita river passing through, as well as Dambovita river nearby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Around 1400 Mihail I, son of Mircea the Elder (Mircea cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n)<\/a> and co-ruler with his father was the first to settle his royal court here, where there was already a rural settlement as well as a more recent one, 14th century, belonging to Transylvania Saxon settlers. Later, as one of the important border villages of Wallachia, T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te <\/strong>receives special privileges for commerce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
Royal Palace of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, Curtea Domneasca de la T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The royal palace of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte <\/strong>was designed as a group of buildings with various purposes: to host the administration of the country, as well as to offer protection and lodgings for the ruler, his family and their various courtiers and servants. Here were special rooms for the high government’s ministry and for the court to meet and for the prince (ruler) to sign his decrees and receive foreign guests and emissaries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
Royal Palace of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, 1953, by J. Cohn, Dora Pistiner \u0219i Ion V\u0103leanu – DOCUMENTE DE ARHITECTUR\u0102 DIN ROM\u00c2NIA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te – etimology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te = T\u00e2rg + -i\u0219te. T\u00e2rg <\/em>means market, but T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/em> means an older market, one well-established.
As a name for a town, T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te is also found in Croatian, trgovi\u0161tse<\/em>, Serbian, trgovi\u0161te, Ukraine, torhovyt\u015ba<\/em>, Slovakian, trhovi\u0161te<\/em>, and Polish, targowisko<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Royal court was at T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te because from there were easy connections with other parts of the Wallachian state, the city of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te being better positioned from an administrative and commercial point of view. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
The Royal Palace of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, Church View. Photo by Diana Popescu, Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

On 23rd August 1437<\/strong> Vlad Dracul (Vlad II, the father of Vlad Tepes) signed a document in T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te to declare that Vl\u0103de\u0219ti will belong to the boyar Bodin, and exempts him and his sons Mircea and Vlad of services and tributes for as long as they live. The bequest starts with: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“In the name of the God Almighty, the all faithful and all honorable and Christ Loving, I Vlad and lord by the mercy of God and through the Benevolence of God ruler of all Hungarian-Wallachian Country, and duke of Amla\u015f and F\u0103g\u0103ra\u015f. My lordship has deign to offer this hereby true gift of property to my servant boyar Bodin and his sons, so that Vl\u0103de\u0219ti village may be his land… ” and ends with “I Vlad Lord, with the mercy of God, ruler.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vlad Dracul and the people of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The influential boyards, the patricians of a town (such as T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> was), were called good men<\/em>, “om bun<\/em>“. We encounter one of the first mentions of such good men<\/em> in a letter of Vlad Dracul addressed to the people of Brasov perhaps during his first reign (1436\u20131442). The letter concerns Zanvel, a good man<\/em>, but also a wealthy one, from T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong>, who had been killed and mugged while traveling for business in Transylvania. Vlad Dracul requests that all of Zanvel’s valuables be returned: 250 Florins, 500 Perperi (=250 Ducats), a money bag with 300 Aspri (silver coins) and a gold ring valued at 10 Florins. The man’s clothes are also mentioned, clothes of Ypress <\/strong>(one of the largest commercial communities of Medieval Belgium, when it served as the main market and warehouse for the Flemish city’s prosperous cloth industry), a hat and also a sword. Vlad Dracul allows for one week only, during which Zanvel’s killer had to be found and punished, and the wealth be returned to his family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smuggling weapons through T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

During the 14th century, the weapon craftsmanship of Bra\u015fov’s inhabitants (Transylvania) was greatly trusted by the rulers of Wallachia, such as Stephen the Great (Stefan cel Mare) and Vlad Tepes (Vlad the Impaler, Vlad III – son of VladDracul, Vlad II)<\/em>. Thus, weapons trade beyond the borders of Transylvania was common, especially with Wallachia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, at the end of 1445 <\/strong>the Wallachian Voivod Vlad Dracul requested the delivery of \u201cbows, arrows, firearms and saltpeter\u201d for his conquests in southern Wallachia. The Voivod was dependent on this delivery to strengthen the defenses of the seized town.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, a Royal Palace in History – the cellars<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Not much later, the new Wallachian Voivod Vladislav II (who fought over the ruling of Wallacia with Vlad Tepes), requested in a document from 1453 that a delivery of weapons to Kilia (Chilia<\/em>) to take place via the towns of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte <\/strong>and Br\u0103ila, so that the delivery could proceed in secret and without danger<\/em>. A year later a similar request was made by John Hunyadi himself. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vlad \u021aepe\u0219\u2019 main political objective was reinforcing his central authority. He expressed this in a letter written in T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/strong>, on September 10th 1456<\/strong> (during his 2nd reign) and addressed to the people of Bra\u015fov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThink about how when a man or a ruler is powerful and strong he can make peace in any way he wants to; but when he is powerless, another one will come and rule him as he pleases.\u201d (“Considerandum est vobis: quando homo vel dominus est potens et fortis, tunc pacem potest facere sicut vult; cum autem impotens erit, forcior super eum veniet et faciet secum sicut vult”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Targoviste
Targoviste, Royal Palace, East and West view, 1953, by J. Cohn, Dora Pistiner \u0219i Ion V\u0103leanu – DOCUMENTE DE ARHITECTUR\u0102 DIN ROM\u00c2NIA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The massacre of 1457: Vlad \u0162epe\u015f and the Boyards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

We cannot go further without mentioning the relations between the townspeople of T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/strong> and Vlad \u0162epe\u015f and the existence of some conflicts between them. The only incident recorded by chroniclers mentions that Vlad \u0162epe\u015f considered the townspeople guilty of the death of his older brother, Mircea, whom they buried alive in 1447, and of that of their father, Vlad Dracul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vlad \u0162epe\u015f and his ruling policy<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Having lived through his father’s political struggles, at the Ottoman and Moldavia court, as well as through his own first reign of almost three months, in 1448, Vlad would have learned that only a strong ruler can keep a country united, and that only a strong, united country can withstand a foreign attack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As it was obvious during the Medieval times, the boyards held much power and through their intrigues they could control a country, often opposing the rule and power of a ruler. Vlad knew too well that one of biggest issues that opposed a strong head of state were the boyards and made it clear during a meeting he had with them. When asked under how many rulers they served during their life time, most acknowledged at least seven, which came and went, yet they remained in position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the Lord, Vlad \u0162epe\u015f, punished the townspeople differently: the big boyards and the old ones were impaled, while the young ones were taken together with their families on Easter day (a day of rest and Christian joy) to work on the Poenari fortress.
It was Vlad \u0162epe\u015f’ desire for revenge, along with his need to consolidate his power, that drove him to commit one of the most notorious acts of his career.
After this, Vlad gave positions in his council to persons of obscure origins, who would be loyal to him alone, and even to some foreigners and free peasants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"ruinele<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The punishment of the townspeople was placed by historians in 1457<\/strong>, when Vlad \u0162epe\u015f was in T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte. The conflict should be understood through the context of power struggles between the two branches of the royal family (D\u0103ne\u0219ti <\/em>and Dr\u0103cule\u0219ti<\/em>), in which both the great boyar groups and the influential members of the townspeople took part, whose political involvement is now revealed. The fact that the punished were put to work at the fortress is a rare situation; the obligation to work appears formally mentioned in several acts, but the event described above is the only attestation of a forced implementation of this duty. Among the internal chronicles, the History of Wallachia <\/em>relates only the sending of young people to work, while in the Histories of Gentlemen<\/em> it is written about the sending of women and children. Exceptional is the sending of people to work on Easter day, proving that the punishment applied to the citizens was a serious form of the du\u015fegubina<\/em><\/strong> (a medieval payment for killing someone, or for theft, incest, adultery or kidnapping of girls).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only in 1458 <\/strong>does Vlad \u0162epe\u015f begins building his Bucharest fortress to supervise and defend the road leading from Giurgiu, a Romanian city found under the ruling of the Turks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is documented by Chalcocondil (a Byzantine chronicler contemporary with Vlad \u0162epe\u015f), that in 1462<\/strong>, when the Ottoman troops came searching for Vlad (to remove him from the throne of Wallachia) they found him at T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong>…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"night<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Night Attack at T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It was Vlad \u0162epe\u015f<\/a>‘ outstanding victories<\/a> against the Turk army under the command of grand vizier Mahmud Pasha <\/em>that caught the eye of Sultan Mehmed II. Vlad was celebrated by Saxon cities of Transylvania, as well as by the Pope Pius II. So the Sultan decided to deal with Vlad himself, thus preparing an army equal to what he had behind him when he conquered Constantinople. 150 000 Turks including fierce Janissary troops, archers, cavalry, saiales (slaves, medieval Turkish Kamikaze<\/em>), pikemen, beshlish who handled firearms, 120 cannons and an entire fleet… and Radu the Handsome, Vlad’s half brother who commanded 4 000 horsemen…as well as engineers who would build bridges and roads if necessary, priests, astrologers…
And Vlad? With no support from Hungarians ruled by Matthias Corvinus he relied on his people: all men of military age, but also women and children over the age of twelve ; and included Gypsy slaves, about 30 000 people all together, armed with lances, swords, and daggers, and most probably prong forks too.
Vlad was able to stop part of the Turkish attacks by scorching the earth, poisoning the water, creating marshes and pits, even adopting guerrilla tactics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, on June 17 the Turks set camp outside T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong>…
There was one last thing Vlad could do to protect his town.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That evening, Vlad disguised himself as a Turk and entered the Turkish camp (Vlad was fluent in Romanian, church Slavic, German, Latin, Turkish). Here, he wandered around to find the location of the Sultan’s tent and learn about his plans of attack.
A contemporary historian, Chalkokondyles, mentions that Mehmed had interdicted his soldiers to wander about the camp during the night, as to not cause panic in case of an attack.
So Vlad decided to attack the Turkish camp during that night.
Vlad’s men infiltrated the camp, then made noise from their buglers and illuminated the battle with their torches launching a series of attacks from “three hours after sunset until four the next morning”. Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 himself aimed for the tent of the sultan, but mistakenly went for the tent of his two grand viziers, Ishak Pasha and Mahmud Pasha<\/em> (the same one that Vlad had already defeated in a previous battle).
The sultan Mehmed II abandoned camp and fled for his life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The
The Night Attack at T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te, Theodor Aman<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Chindia Tower, Turnul Chindiei<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It was Vlad Tepes who started building the lovely Chindia Tower for military purposes and to store the treasury. The tower rose on the place of an old manor house, although its final stone was put in place during the 19th century. It is believed that Hungarian commander Stephen V B\u00e1thory saw Chindia Tower and later refereed to it as the castle,<\/em> in his letter from November 11, 1476<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A big feast or festival where people dance is known in Romanian as chindia<\/em>, and this could be one explanation for the tower’s name, here being the place for such happy gatherings. But chindie, of Turkish origin, ikindi<\/em>, also means sunset, the time of day when the guard gave the curfew signal, before closing the city’s gates. And this time was rather important as afterwards it was prohibited to enter or leave the city, and the residents were required not to pass through its streets and not to maintain outdoor fires that would have made the town visible from a distance and thus render it unsafe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>
\"\"<\/figure>
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Today the Chindia tower rises at a height of 27 meters and measures 9 meters in diameter. When Prince Bibescu restored it, his builders also rose the tower by 5 meters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For this reason, out of pro-Christian or pro-Ottoman beliefs, the Wallachian rulers of 16th<\/strong> century <\/strong>will shift the location of their princely court from T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> to Bucharest and back again. Also, T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> was often used as a summer residence, while Bucharest as a winter one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
Chindia Tower, T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> – source Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dealu Monastery <\/strong>was built by Radu IV the Great at the very beginning of the 16th century<\/strong>, on a previous monastic settlement. This is rather important, as previously in T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> we only had a Franciscan and a Dominican monastery, but not a Christian Orthodox one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The grand Metropolitan Church was raised under the ruling of Neagoe Basarab, early 16th century. During the same time the seal of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> town depicting Virgin and Infant is created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> sees another rebirth at the end of the 16th century, under the ruling of Petru II of the Earring, who brings Italian and French cultural influences. Franco Sivori, Petru’s private secretary, mentions gardens designed after the Italian fashion as well as the Prince’s menagerie found at T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> Royal Palace and royal grounds the way they would have looked during the 16th century – reconstruction by Radu Oltean, Art Historia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Michael the Brave <\/strong>(Mihai Viteazul)<\/em> rules from here for a short time briefly bringing the three principalities under his personal union at 1600<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although fortified, T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> falls during the Turk-Tatar invasion of 1658 <\/strong>and is destroyed, its ruins being brought back to life 30 years later under the ruling of Constantin Br\u00e2ncoveanu – till his tragic death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18th century T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte was on the world map<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The most usual route on the way to Istanbul<\/em> from western Europe, crossing Transylvania <\/strong>and Wallachia<\/strong>, passed through the towns of Cluj \u2013 Alba-Iulia \u2013 Sibiu, where it divided into two roads to Bucharest<\/strong>.
One crossed the Carpathians through the gorge of Turnu Ro\u015fu<\/em>, going down to the capital by R\u00e2mnicu V\u00e2lcea and Pite\u015fti, and the other passed through Bra\u015fov <\/strong>\u2013 Ruc\u0103r pass<\/em> \u2013 C\u00e2ineni \u2013 C\u00e2mpulung \u2013 T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong>, or along Valea Prahovei through Ploie\u015fti, both routes passing through Bucharest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read the observations of an 18th century traveler returning from Istanbul and passing into Wallachia, a province still under the domination of the Porte (Ottoman Empire). Daniel Clarke traveled by carriage and this is his account on the different types of mentality he witnessed:
\u201cOn April 16\u201d, \u2013 writes Daniel Clarke \u2013 \u201cwe crossed the Danube [moving north, towards Wallachia]. On the other bank, the carriages of Wallachia’s ruler. [\u2026] Some of the Turks had never before sat in a wheeled vehicle and when the carriages set in motion they stuck their bearded heads out the windows throwing the most pitiful looks one can imagine. [\u2026] For us the change wasn’t less memorable either, as one year and a half had passed since we had left Russia and we had spent the entire time traveling without once having at our disposal a wheeled carriage\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cetatea
Valeriu Pantazi, Cetatea Targovistei<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

As he crossed the Danube river, the British traveler on his way from Istanbul to England entered Wallachia. But for the travelers there was no militarized border with the Ottoman Empire as Wallachia had been for a few centuries under the domination of the Ottoman Porte (Sublime Porte), and in the 18th century the Ottoman Empire had increased its presence in the Romanian space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is an incredible 19th century <\/strong>story about the local villagers who fought for the conservation of the princely court with the Wallachian ruler of the time who had been named in position by the Ottoman court: Ioan Caradja (of Greek-Turkish origin). Caradja wanted the court demolished, but the villagers not only opposed, but they also preserved and rebuilt it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The royal court of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> has next witnessed the Russo-Turk war, an earthquake and a fire, before a final rebirth during the late 19th century under the exemplary ruling of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and King Carol I.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Half a century after Dealu Monastery was built, a Military Highschool rose in T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> in 1912, while King Carol I lead the Romanians. In 1930 Mihai I (the last King of Romania) and great-grandson of King Carol I (from his brother’s blood lineage) studied here. And Mihai was thus named after Romanian King Michael the Brave<\/strong> (Mihai Viteazul<\/em>), the first to rule over an united Romania in 1600.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te,
A postcard depicting the royal palace of T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte<\/strong> during the two world wars<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources:<\/em><\/strong>
*Markus Peter Beham, Bra\u015fov (Kronstadt) in the Defence against the Turks<\/em>
*Laurentiu Radvan, Orasele din Tarile Romane in Evul Mediu
*Sorin \u015eIPO\u015e – FOREIGN TRAVELLERS IN THE ROMANIAN SPACE AND BORDER SYMBOLISM (1797-1810)<\/em>
*Camelia TEODORESCU, Laurentiu Stefan SZEMKOVICS, Roxana RADU, FROM VLAD \u0162EPE\u015e \u2013 WALLACHIAN RULER \u2013 TO DRACULA. CONCLUSIVE DOCUMENTS REGARDING HIS NAME AND \u201cFAME\u201d<\/em>
*DOCUMENTE DE ARHITECTUR\u0102 DIN ROM\u00c2NIA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My next work of fiction is a contemporary story glancing over the shoulder at some incredible events dating from Medieval Romania. <\/strong><\/em>Subscribe to my newsletter ad be among the first to know when it will come out \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\"Books<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te royal palace held a paramount role in history: in the life of Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 and during the Middle Ages. Incredible stories & photos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9815,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te royal palace held a paramount role in #history: in the life of Vlad \u021aepe\u0219 and during the Middle Ages. Incredible #stories & #photos. #Romania #travel #castle #ruins #Europe #IB6 .@sa_artists #VladTepes #timeline ","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4583,5109,4241,1808,2692,2029,1337,1339,1338,4198],"tags":[4244,4256,4246,4245,4257,4243,4253,4248,4249,4247,4267,4258,4242,4250,4266,4264,4251,4255,4254,4252,3012,4259],"class_list":["post-9692","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architecture","category-bucharest","category-castles-fortresses","category-history","category-medieval","category-photography","category-romania","category-traditions","category-travel","category-vlad-the-impaler-vlad-tepes-vlad-iii","tag-ataculde-noapte-dela-targoviste","tag-boyards","tag-castle-photography","tag-castles-through-history","tag-cloth-of-ypress","tag-curtea-domneasca","tag-documents-signed-at-targoviste","tag-palate-domnesti","tag-palate-romanesti","tag-romanian-castles","tag-scoala-militara-de-la-targoviste","tag-smuggling-weapons-in-medieval-wallachia","tag-targoviste-castle","tag-targoviste-etimology","tag-the-route-to-istanbul","tag-turnul-chindiei-istorie","tag-valahia","tag-vlad-dracul-and-the-people-of-targoviste","tag-vlad-tepes-si-atacul-de-noapte","tag-walachia","tag-wallachia","tag-weapon-craftmanship-of-brasov"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t